Fig. 1. The wajū: multiscalar strategies for living with water. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Kenya Endo.

Fig. 2. Map of projects explored in this book. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Saeko Baird.

Fig. 3. Recurring phases of the disaster cycle. Enhanced adaptation, mitigation, and preparedness strategies can reduce vulnerabilities. Miho Mazereeuw, Lily Bui, David Moses. 

Fig. 4. Timeline of hazards, subsequent policies, and projects that have shaped the Japanese built environment. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Saeko Baird, Kenya Endo.

Fig. 5. Machibikeshi uniforms and organization within Edo districts. National Archives of Japan (in Machikagami 1: Kaisei Zouho). Public domain.

Fig. 6. Ukiyo-e woodblock print of the Ansei flood event during the Edo era. National Archives of Japan (in Ansei Fūbunshū). Public domain.

Fig. 7. Evacuees with their belongings jammed near Ueno Station in 1923. Photo by Yūsuke Morita (Tokyo Memorial Association).

Fig. 8. Matsumoto district, collapsed and charred from the 1995 earthquake and subsequent fires. Photo by Ikuo Kobayashi.

Fig. 9. Evacuees huddling on roofs as the tsunami inundates Rikuzentakata on March 11, 2011. Photo by Takehiko Kamekakegawa and Satoru Nagayama (Rikuzentakata City).

Fig. 10. Shizugawa coast photographed on June 11, 2011, from inside a home located twenty meters above sea level. Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 11. Layered coastal tsunami protection policies and associated zones. Chen Chu, Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 12. Urban systems for disaster preparedness and mitigation. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Maya Taketani.

Fig. 13. Hinomiyagura (fire lookout towers) stand above the skyline in Edo. National Diet Library, from Edo Meisho Zukai kan 1, in Saitō Yukio et al., Edo Sightspaces Illustrations Vol. 1 [in Japanese] (Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1928), 58. Public domain.

Fig. 14. Bōsai living zone and mokumitsu district urban design guidelines, highlighting fire-tolerant tree species. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Eakapob Huangthanapan.

Fig. 15. Annual community-based firefighting drill in the historic village of Shirakawa-gō. Photo by Shō Suzuki (Shirakawa village office).

Fig. 16. Designed with a small manual dam system, the Horikawa basin collects water for firefighters. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Saeko Baird.

Fig. 17. Multiscalar projects reflect top-down and bottom-up efforts in Sumida Ward. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 18. Leaders of the Sumida Shien-tai nonprofit organization demonstrate how the water furoshiki can be used to map all the water collection points - and can carry water during an emergency. Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 19. Rokkōmichi North community center and green evacuation path. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 20. The Matsumoto stream is an everyday respite for urban dwellers and an additional source of water in emergencies. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 21. Onagawa's recovery and resettlement efforts create a new main street, perpendicular to the ocean, flanked by local shops. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Helena Rong.

Fig. 22. To help people escape to wider main streets during a fire, Itabashi Ward officials negotiated with landowners to build shortcuts through private property. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Saeko Baird.

Fig. 23. Tsunami Stones and O-Jizô-san memorialize past events while educating the public about them. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 24. Stramps-part ramp, part stair- are constructed across mountainous regions to provide universal access to high-ground evacuation spaces. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 25. The Horaikan hotel and forest trail were instrumental in evacuation and shelter during the 2011 Tohoku disaster. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 26. Community-based evacuation map workshop. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 27. The Inawashiro Hospital evacuation route, directly connected to the hilltop behind the site. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 28. The complex history of the Taro district's seawalls and urban design. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 29. Seawall construction in Ishinomaki. At 9.7 meters high, the seawall blocks ocean views and impedes ecological processes. Lynced Torres, Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 30. A Tohoku resident in July 2012. He uses bamboo to demonstrate how high the 8.5-meter wall would be and explains how fishermen need to see the ocean to determine their daily plans. Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 31. The Naiwan seawall's complex ownership and management structures are reflected in its separate parts, which are designed to operate as a unified system. Chen Chu, Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 32. Super levee along the Arakawa River. Lynced Torres, Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 33. Diagram of multilayered coastal protection, featuring low seawalls, evacuation hills, and a buffer forest planted and cared for by residents. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 34. Resettlement strategies defined the reconstruction of Tohoku's coastal regions after 2011. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 35. The complexity of large-scale reconstruction in Rikuzentakata. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 36. Rapid resettlement in the hamlet of Yoriki. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 37. Park networks and their roles in disasters. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 38. A bōsaikōen network ranging from national hubs to local parks, all with designated roles in logistics and evacuation. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Evellyn Tan.

Fig. 39. Tokyo Rinkai Park working in tandem with Higashi-ōgishima Park and three additional logistics bases. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 40. The Miki Sōgō Bōsaikōen is the first prefectural logistics hub in Japan with multiple dual-use spaces. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 41. Miki "E-Defense," March 29, 2007. The facility is testing the effect of a magnitude 8.0 earthquake on the top two stories of a six-story building (using a rubber base isolation system to simulate the sway). Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 42. Earthquake drills for the public at Miki Sōgō Bōsaikōen. Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 43. Dual-use furniture and types of infrastructure for bōsaikōen. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Jie Zhang, Jonathon Brearley, Maya Taketani, Chen Chu.

Fig. 44. Kyoto Imperial Palace evacuation sites, showing their planned use during the hours and days after a disaster and their embedded dual-use infrastructure. Jonathon Brearley, Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 45. Hattori Ryokuchi Park, with public education programs and dual-use evacuation sites. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 46. The Jōbon-no-Sato roadside rest area (michi-no-eki) functions as a new typology of evacuation spaces. Photo by Shinsuke Eda (Seki Space Design).

Fig. 47. Palette Pier Ōno, an iconic bōsai hub that includes a child-support facility and a restaurant with seasonal local goods. Courtesy of Daiken Sekkei.

Fig. 48. The various stages and roles of bōsaikōen defined by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 49. With dual-use programs above and below, Kobe Minatogawa Park negotiates the terrain to make this large public evacuation space accessible. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 50. Nakano-Shiki-no-Mori Park, developed in a public-private partnership. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Lizzie Yarina. 

Fig. 51. Futakotamagawa Park plays an important ecological role while functioning as a neighborhood evacuation space; the design considers multiple timelines. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 52. Fukakita Ryokuchi water retention park, with three zones designed for everyday activities, evacuation, and inundation. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 53. Kamisawa pocket parks, developed through one of the first bottom-up planning processes, are equipped with emergency infrastructure and are easily accessible by residents. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 54. Kaze-no-Sato Park was designed with residents to include numerous embedded bōsai functions. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 55. Kame-san, one of the smallest bōsai pocket parks, has benches that help children learn about disaster preparedness. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 56. Iza! Kaeru Caravan!, a popular bōsai education program for families. Photo by Hirokazu Nagata (President of PlusArts).

Fig. 57. The Kamisaigō River project reduces flooding and increases fish species in the region through community and school participation. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Lynced Torres. Photo by Yukihiro Shimatani and Hironori Hayashi (Kyūshū University). 

Fig. 58. Kaigan Kōen saved lives during the 2011 Tohoku tsunami and now features programs to teach children lifesaving skills. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 59. Parks are central nodes for hosting stranded commuters. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Maya Taketani.

Fig. 60. Architectural transformations. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Maya Taketani.

Fig. 61. Osukui-goya, rapidly deployable rescue sheds. National Diet Library (public domain).

Fig. 62. Dōjunkai Housing post-earthquake permanent housing, a new typology for Tokyo. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. Color photo by Youki Kanehira (purchased). Damage distribution map: Metropolitan Police Department, Damage distribution map of wooden buildings near Tokyo during the September 1, 1920 earthquake (public domain; archive.library.metro.tokyo.lg.jp). Black and white photo from David B. Stewart, The Making of a Modern Japanese Architecture (New York: Kodansha America, 2002).

Fig. 63. The JPA housing network across Japan, with predetermined agreements to provide temporary housing after a disaster. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 64. Mikura 5 collective housing created through land readjustment, with neighbors sharing a vision of recovery. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Helena Rong.

Fig. 65. The Murasaki Market machizukuri process created a vibrant mixed-use project creatively using a variety of reconstruction programs and subsidies. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Saeko Baird.

Fig. 66. Shōbutahama public housing explored the living access housing typology within the Shichigahama relocation process. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 67. Tamaura-nishi public housing. Residents moved to shelters and temporary housing together to plan their reconstruction. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. Photo by Hiroyuki Teshima. 

Fig. 68. Aligned with the town's main street, Mishima Shrine became an evacuation space and later helped with recovery. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Kenya Endo.

Fig. 69. The Tokyo Imperial Hotel left a legacy of design to support evacuees after earthquakes. Ovalles/Mazereeuw. With contributions by Jon Brearly. Image compiled from public domain photograph (Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, via Wikimedia Commons) and data from Bryce Walker, Earthquake (1982).

Fig. 70. Hotel Bōyō, exemplifying the important role hotels play in sheltering victims after a tsunami. Jonathon Brearley, Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 71. Unosumai Elementary School and Kamaishi Higashi Middle School evacuation. Hayami Uchidate (Iwate Prefecture). Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 72. Tsunami karuta game based on haiku. Sharing memories will educate future generations. Miho Mazereew.

Fig. 73. The design and clear management structure of Yamashita Middle School helped residents shelter with dignity during the region's long-term recovery. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 74. Suginami Dai-ju Elementary School, paired with an evacuation park, is designed to play a number of roles for the neighborhood before and during disasters. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Jonathon Brearley.

Fig. 75. Matsue Elementary School embeds bōsai education into the building's design. Jonathon Brearley, Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 76. Yamashita Dai-ni elementary School highlights sustainable design strategies, including a unique solar heat collection system, and is a core bōsai hub for the newly constructed neighborhood. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 77. Arahama Middle School was designed to operate as a tsunami evacuation building for the neighborhood. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 78. The Ogatsu elementary and middle school is specifically designed for multiple phases of emergency and recovery. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. 

Fig. 79. Tsunami evacuation building typologies. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Evellyn Tan.

Fig. 80 . The Tapic 45 evacuation building and Takata Matsubara Tsunami Reconstruction Park. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw. Photo by Kazuki Fukubayashi.

Fig. 81. Nishiki Tower, designed as a fire station and museum, can host five hundred evacuees during typhoons and tsunamis. Jonathon Brearley, Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 82. AEON Mall was also designed as a tsunami evacuation space.  Lynced Torres, Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 83. Recommended supplies for emergency stockpiles. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw, Saeko Baird.

Fig. 84. Daimaruyū parking lot and evacuation space. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 85. Kochi Prefecture demonstrates numerous tsunami evacuation strategies, ranging from education to the proliferation of TEBs. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 86. In the face of a 34.4-meter-high tsunami prediction, the town of Kuroshio and the Saga district have wide-ranging community-centered efforts to save all of the residents. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 87. The Tokyo Metropolitan Discharge Channel. Eakapob Huangthanapan, Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.

Fig. 88. Anticipatory futures: imagining a city where everyone plays a role in preparing and adapting to hazards. Larisa Ovalles, Miho Mazereeuw.